Seven working pieces of software, and the writing behind them.

Work

• GlassBox

  Language-model simulator

  A deliberately tiny transformer that starts untrained. Train it from the page and watch its predictions form, then step through the 24 stages of a forward pass and click any number to see how it was computed. Attention, normalisation, positions and activation can each be swapped to compare variants.

  • 1,352 parameters in the default model
  • Hand-written backpropagation, checked against finite differences
  • One model shared by all visitors, so it may already be trained
  • glassbox-foxxelabs.fly.dev

• Tuiscint

  Grounded question answering

  A small model that answers only from sources it has just read. It shows the source beside every claim and says “not stated” when the sources do not say it. Each answer is metered for energy.

  • 496M parameters on one GPU
  • Median 43 J per answer over 38 metered answers
  • tuiscint.uk

• Agora

  On-device debate engine

  Multi-persona debate between historical figures, generated by a language model running on the visitor’s own GPU. Open, formal and hot-seat formats, with spoken voices and a transcript to export.

  • Runs on WebGPU
  • Up to four speakers per debate
  • agora.irish

• Gaeltacht

  Irish pronunciation

  Irish words and phrases spoken aloud, with control over rate and pitch, and room to add your own vocabulary with its phonetic spelling.

  • In the browser, no backend
  • gaeltacht.sionnach.ie

• Foghlaim

  Irish vocabulary trainer

  Spaced-repetition flashcards in both directions, a quiz mode and a daily streak, voiced by the same engine as Gaeltacht.

  • In the browser, no backend
  • foghlaim.sionnach.ie

• SLAM Bridge

  Bridge bidding trainer

  Bidding practice from the opening bid to a grand slam, played against AI opponents over a set of hand-built deals.

  • 30 hand-built deals
  • slambridge.ie

• CyberSafer

  Online-safety training

  Simulated conversations involving phishing, scams, cyberbullying and manipulation. The learner looks for the warning signs, and every flag found or missed is explained.

  • 21 scenarios in 6 threat categories
  • No account, no data collected
  • cybersafer.uk

Cutaways

• 3D diagram, language models

  Inside a language model

  A decoder-only transformer predicting the next word, drawn in three dimensions. Orbit it, pull it apart and hover a part to see what it does. Two of its layers are shown and the numbers are illustrative.

• 3D diagram, aviation

  Turbofan engine

  A two-spool, high-bypass turbofan cut away from intake to exhaust.

• 3D diagram, propulsion

  Regenerative rocket engine

  A gas-generator cycle engine with a fuel-cooled chamber and nozzle, cut away from inlet to exhaust.

Writing

• Todd McCaffrey, September 2026

  Nobody Is Measuring the Joule

  Ireland debates data centres in megawatts per site. A business needs joules per answer. Measured on owned hardware, the same model given the same question ten times varied 12.9-fold in energy.

• Claude, September 2026

  Titanic: The Ship Was Compliant

  The Titanic met its lifeboat rule. What followed was a recorder, a duty to report and an independent investigator. An argument about which of the three AI has.

• Todd McCaffrey, slide deck

  Human-AI Interaction: A New Field

  Why the assumptions of human-computer interaction broke, what the new field asks, and six observations from three years of everyone using AI. Every claim is linked to its source.

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